OnionBD Clone

CDMA2000 System

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<b>CDMA2000
System</b></div>
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This figure
shows an overview of a CDMA2000 radio system. This diagram shows that
there are several types of devices that can be used in the CDMA2000
system. These include CDMA2000 multiple bandwidth radios and IS-95
CDMA compatible mobile telephones. The CDMA2000 mobile telephone
devices are usually capable of operating as IS-95 CDMA and CDMA2000
mobile radios. This diagram also shows that the CDMA2000 system can
mix and combine standard 1.25 MHz wide IS-95 channels into the 3.75
MHz CDMA2000 channels. 
</div>
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<div style="margin-bottom: 0.19in; margin-top: 0.19in;">
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Table
of Contents</b></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.19in; margin-top: 0.19in;">
<b>CODE DIVISION
MULTIPLE ACCESS (CDMA)</b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.19in; margin-top: 0.19in;">
<b>HISTORY</b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.19in; margin-top: 0.19in;">
<b>CDMA2000
SYSTEM OVERVIEW</b></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
IS-95 CDMA Core
System<br />FDD/CDMA2000<br />TDD/CDMA2000 
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<b>IS-95 CDMA
SYSTEM</b></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Spreading (Walsh) Codes
in IS-95 CDMA<br />Channel Coding and Modulation<br />CDMA Coded
Channels<br />IS-95 CDMA System Attributes and
Features<br />Signaling<br />Registration<br />Data Transfer<br />Handoffs 
</div>
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<b>CDMA2000
SYSTEM</b></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Band Class<br />CDMA2000
Radio Channels<br />Radio Configurations (RC) <br />Physical Radio
Carriers (Channels) <br />Logical Channels<br />Channel Structure<br />Speech
Coding<br />Soft Capacity<br />Beam Forming</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.19in; margin-top: 0.19in;">
<b>BASIC
OPERATION</b></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Access<br />Paging<br />Handoff
("Handover")</div>

CDMA2000 System

CDMA2000 System This figure shows an overview of a CDMA2000 radio system. This diagram shows that there are several types o...

Code Division Multiplexing

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<b>Code Division
Multiplexing</b></div>
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This figure
shows how a single direct sequence spread spectrum communication
channel can have several channels. In this example, there are 3
different code patterns that are used for communication channels.
When a receiver uses the reference code, a direct sequence spread
spectrum system can build a mask as shown in this figure for each
conversation allowing only that information which falls within the
mask to be transmitted or received.</div>
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<b>Open Loop
Power Control</b></div>
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This diagram
shows how open loop RF power control can be used in a mobile
telephone system to provide approximately the same level of RF signal
received by the base station from the mobile telephone regardless of
the distance the mobile telephone is located from the base station.
This diagram shows that the mobile telephone's coarse (open loop) RF
amplifier adjustment is controlled by feedback from its receiver
section. The mobile telephone continuously measures the radio signal
strength received from the base station to estimate the signal
strength loss between the base station and mobile telephone. This
diagram shows that as the mobile telephone moves away from the base
station, the received signal level decreases. When the received
signal is stronger, the mobile telephone reduces its own RF signal
output; conversely, when the mobile received signal level is weaker,
the mobile telephone increases the amplification of its own RF signal
output. The end result is that the signal received at the base
station from the mobile telephone remains at about at the same power
level regardless of the mobile telephone's distance.
</div>

Code Division Multiplexing

Code Division Multiplexing This figure shows how a single direct sequence spread spectrum communication channel can have se...

Fast Associated Control Channel (FACCH) Signaling

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<b>Fast
Associated Control Channel (FACCH) Signaling</b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.19in; margin-top: 0.19in;">
This figure
shows that GSM FACCH signaling replaces (steals) speech frames and
replaces them with control information. This example shows the FACCH
messages is divided and transmitted over 8 sequential channel bursts
and that the speech information that would normally be transmitted is
discarded. When received, the FACCH message is reassembled into its
original message structure.</div>
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<div style="margin-bottom: 0.19in; margin-top: 0.19in;">
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Table
of Contents</b></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.19in; margin-top: 0.19in;">
<b>Introduction
to Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) </b>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.19in; margin-top: 0.19in;">
<b>GSM Services </b>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
-Voice Services <br />-Data
Services <br />-Multicast Services <br />-Short Messaging Services
<br />-Location Based Services (LBS) 
</div>
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<b>GSM Products
(Mobile Devices) </b>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
-Subscriber Identity
Module (SIM) <br />-Mobile Telephones <br />-PCMCIA Air Cards <br />-Embedded
Radio Modules <br />-External Radio Modems 
</div>
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<b>GSM Radio </b>
</div>
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-Frequency Allocation
<br />-Frequency Reuse <br />-Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) <br />-RF
Power Control <br />-Mobile Assisted Handover (MAHO) 
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<b>Digital Audio
and Baseband </b>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
-Analog to Digital
Conversion (ADC) <br />-Digital Speech Compression (Speech Coding)
<br />-Channel Coding <br />-Echo Cancellation 
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.19in; margin-top: 0.19in;">
<b>Radio
Channels </b>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
-Channel Bandwidth
<br />-Modulation <br />-Duplex Channels <br />-Radio Channel Structure
<br />-Time Slot Structure <br />-Frame Structure <br />-MultiFrame
Structure <br />-Slow Frequency Hopping <br />-Discontinuous Reception
(Sleep Mode) <br />-Discontinuous Transmission (DTx) Operation
<br />-Dynamic Time Alignment 
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.19in; margin-top: 0.19in;">
<b>Logical
Channels </b>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
-Traffic Channels
<br />-Control Channels <br />-Dedicated Control Channel Signaling
<br />-Traffic Channel Signaling 
</div>
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<b>GSM Network </b>
</div>
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-Base Stations
<br />-Repeaters <br />-Switching Centers <br />-Network Databases
<br />-Wireless Network System Interconnection <br />-Customized
Applications for Mobile Network Enhanced Logic (CAMEL) 
</div>
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<b>Device
Addressing </b>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
-Mobile Station ISDN
(MSISDN) <br />-International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)
<br />-International Mobile Equipment Identifier (IMEI) <br />-Temporary
Mobile Station Identity (TMSI) 
</div>
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<b>GSM System
Operation </b>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
-Mobile Telephone
Initialization <br />-Updating Location (Registration) <br />-Waiting for
Calls (Idle) <br />-System Access <br />-Mobile Call Origination
<br />-Transferring Calls Between Cell Sites (Handover) <br />-Receiving
a Call on a Mobile Telephone <br />-Conversation Mode <br />-Connected
Mode <br />-Authentication 
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.19in; margin-top: 0.19in;">
<b>GSM Future
Evolution </b>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
-Enhanced Data for
Global Evolution (EDGE) <br />-Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
(WCDMA)</div>

Fast Associated Control Channel (FACCH) Signaling

Fast Associated Control Channel (FACCH) Signaling This figure shows that GSM FACCH signaling replaces (steals) speech frame...

GSM Radio Channel Structure

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<b>GSM Radio
Channel Structure</b></div>
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This diagram
shows that the GSM system uses a single type of radio channel. Each
radio channel in the GSM system has a frequency bandwidth of 200 kHz
and a data transmission rate of approximately 270 kbps. This example
shows that each radio communication channel is divided into 8 time
slots (0 through 7). This diagram shows that a simultaneous two-way
voice communication session requires at least one radio channel
communicates from the base station to the mobile station (called the
forward channel) and one channel communicates from the mobile station
to the base station (called the reverse channel). This example also
shows that some of the radio channel capacity is used to transfer
voice (traffic) information and some of the radio channel capacity is
used to transfer control messages.</div>
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<br /><br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.19in; margin-top: 0.19in;">
<b>Normal Burst
Structures</b></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0.19in; margin-top: 0.19in;">
This
figure shows the field structures of the normal burst used in the GSM
system. This diagram shows that the field structure is different for
the normal burst, synchronization burst, and the frequency correction
bursts. The fields transmitted during the normal burst include
initial tail bits (ramp-up time), training sequence, flag bits, user
data bits, final tail bits, and guard period. This diagram shows that
the first 3 bits of the time slot are dedicated to the gradual
increase of transmitter power level (ramp-up). For the normal burst,
this is followed by the information (user data) bits. The flag bits
indicate if the normal burst has been replaced with FACCH signaling
information. This diagram shows that some of the bits in the center
of the burst are used as training bits (to allow equalizer training).
At the end of the transmitted burst there are tail bits (for error
protection) and 3 guard period bits that are used during the gradual
reduction of the RF transmitter signal (ramp-down).</div>

GSM Radio Channel Structure

GSM Radio Channel Structure This diagram shows that the GSM system uses a single type of radio channel. Each radio channe...

Signal Companding and Expanding

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<b>Signal
Companding and Expanding</b></div>
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<div style="margin-bottom: 0.19in; margin-top: 0.19in;">
This figure
shows the basic signal companding and expanding process. This diagram
shows that the amount of amplifier gain is reduced as the level of
input signal is increased. This keeps the input level to the
modulator to a relatively small dynamic range. At the receiving end
of the system, an expanding system is used to provide additional
amplification to the upper end of the output signal. This recreates
the shape of the original input audio signal.</div>
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<br /><br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.19in; margin-top: 0.19in;">
<b>Calling Line
Identification Operation</b></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0.19in; margin-top: 0.19in;">
This
figure shows the calling number identification operation. Calling
number identification operation starts with the reception of a call.
When the call is received, the initial address message (IAM) contains
the calling party number of the incoming call. The IAM may contain
additional information such as the text name of the calling party.
This example shows that the local switching system extracts this
information and combines this information with the ring signal (using
different frequencies and amplitudes) and sends it to the customer
during the alerting (ringing) process. If the customer has the
appropriate display equipment, the calling number information is
display as the telephone rings.</div>

Signal Companding and Expanding

Signal Companding and Expanding This figure shows the basic signal companding and expanding process. This diagram shows t...

Physical and Logical Channels

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<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.19in;">
<b>Physical and Logical Channels</b></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0.19in; margin-top: 0.19in;">
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This
diagram shows the difference between physical and logical channels.
In this example, a physical channel transports information between
two points using electrical signals. The physical channel is divided
into frames that contain various fields (groups of information within
the frame). This diagram shows that the frames on the physical
channel are divided into 4 logical channels; 3 logical channels for
data and one logical channel for control. The exact relationship
between the frame structure and the logical channels is called
mapping. This example shows two different mapping examples. In the
first example, the bits in the information portion of each frame are
equally divided. In the second mapping example, more bits are
proportioned to channel 2. This results in a lower data transfer rate
for channels 1 and 3 while channel 2 has a higher data transfer rate.</div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0.19in; margin-top: 0.19in;">
<br /></div>
</div>

Physical and Logical Channels

Physical and Logical Channels This diagram shows the difference between physical and logical channels. In this example, a physical...

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